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        <h2 id="第三章理由是什么"><a href="#第三章理由是什么" class="headerlink" title="第三章理由是什么"></a><em>第三章理由是什么</em></h2><h4 id="理由"><a href="#理由" class="headerlink" title="理由"></a>理由</h4><ul>
<li>理由：用来支持和证明结论的看法、证据、隐喻、类比及其他陈述。</li>
<li>在找到作者的理由之前，我们不能对一个结论的价值做判断。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="理由（论证依据）的特点"><a href="#理由（论证依据）的特点" class="headerlink" title="理由（论证依据）的特点"></a>理由（论证依据）的特点</h4><ul>
<li>论证=理由+结论</li>
<li>凡是论证必有其目的（目的把他的思想装进我们的大脑）</li>
<li>论证的质量参差不齐（动用批判性思维来甄别）<a id="more"></a>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="找到理由"><a href="#找到理由" class="headerlink" title="找到理由"></a><em>找到理由</em></h2><h4 id="练习，找到理由（可以使用提示词寻找）"><a href="#练习，找到理由（可以使用提示词寻找）" class="headerlink" title="练习，找到理由（可以使用提示词寻找）"></a>练习，找到理由（可以使用提示词寻找）</h4><ul>
<li><p>主要提示词有如下</p>
<ol>
<li>首先、其次、再次或者第一、第二、第三</li>
<li>由于</li>
<li>原因是</li>
<li>是因为。。。事实；</li>
<li>鉴于</li>
<li>证据是</li>
<li>研究显示、调查表明</li>
<li>毕竟</li>
<li>说到底</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>利用其他技巧，让理由和结论更加清晰可见</p>
<ol>
<li>圈出指示词</li>
<li>用不同颜色标注理由和结论</li>
<li>在页面空白处给理由和结论编上序号？？</li>
<li>读完长篇大论后，在文章结尾处按顺序列出所有理由</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="理由是模具，结论是成品"><a href="#理由是模具，结论是成品" class="headerlink" title="理由是模具，结论是成品"></a><em>理由是模具，结论是成品</em></h2><h4 id="结论不是理由"><a href="#结论不是理由" class="headerlink" title="结论不是理由"></a>结论不是理由</h4><ul>
<li>无论描述性问题或规定性问题都要遵循“先有理由，再有结论”的过程</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="对个人的启示"><a href="#对个人的启示" class="headerlink" title="对个人的启示"></a>对个人的启示</h4><ul>
<li>保证论证质量，让结论更有说服力，作者给出如下建议：<ol>
<li>先探讨可能存在的各种理由，再做结论</li>
<li>寻找围绕你的论点的专业杂志和刊物</li>
<li>心系读者，公开列举自己的理由，一目了然</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="第四章-在具体语境中了解含义"><a href="#第四章-在具体语境中了解含义" class="headerlink" title="第四章 在具体语境中了解含义"></a><em>第四章 在具体语境中了解含义</em></h2><ul>
<li>歧义：对方表述中某个词或者词组可能存在多重含义的现象，所以要在具体语境中了解其含义</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="避免歧义（一）"><a href="#避免歧义（一）" class="headerlink" title="避免歧义（一）"></a><em>避免歧义（一）</em></h2><h4 id="让人捉摸不透的多义词"><a href="#让人捉摸不透的多义词" class="headerlink" title="让人捉摸不透的多义词"></a>让人捉摸不透的多义词</h4><ul>
<li>从逻辑学的角度来看，一个词的内涵越简略，其外延越丰富；越抽象，人们越有可能对其作多重解读</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="找准关键词"><a href="#找准关键词" class="headerlink" title="找准关键词"></a>找准关键词</h4><ul>
<li>寻找有歧义的词或短语的技巧<ol>
<li>检查论点看有没有关键词</li>
<li>在理由和结论中寻找能影响你接受对方结论的词或短语</li>
<li>留意抽象的词或短语</li>
<li>通过角色反串，来判断对方如何定义特定的词或短语</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="避免歧义（二）"><a href="#避免歧义（二）" class="headerlink" title="避免歧义（二）"></a><em>避免歧义（二）</em></h2><h4 id="检查有没有歧义"><a href="#检查有没有歧义" class="headerlink" title="检查有没有歧义"></a>检查有没有歧义</h4><ul>
<li>凡是对方提出的问题，我们都要自问 我知不知道它的意思</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="判定歧义"><a href="#判定歧义" class="headerlink" title="判定歧义"></a>判定歧义</h4><ul>
<li>要不断问自己“作者这样说是什么意思”，关键词语需要作者明确定义下</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="看看上下文，这才是它的真实含义"><a href="#看看上下文，这才是它的真实含义" class="headerlink" title="看看上下文，这才是它的真实含义"></a>看看上下文，这才是它的真实含义</h4><ul>
<li>注意通过语境确定词或短语的真实含义</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="避免歧义（三）"><a href="#避免歧义（三）" class="headerlink" title="避免歧义（三）"></a><em>避免歧义（三）</em></h2><h4 id="定义规则"><a href="#定义规则" class="headerlink" title="定义规则"></a>定义规则</h4><ul>
<li>批判性思维，需要不断思考关键词语可能有的含义，一般每个词的解释大致有3种方式：同义替换、举例说明、具体标准定义</li>
<li>举个例子：“给力”<ol>
<li>给力就是给自己加油（同义替换）</li>
<li>给力就是听到励志歌曲的心情（举例说明）</li>
<li>给力是一种主观感受，用来形容心情亢奋、情绪高涨的感觉（具体标准定义）</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="字典定义不等于情景含义（强调语境）"><a href="#字典定义不等于情景含义（强调语境）" class="headerlink" title="字典定义不等于情景含义（强调语境）"></a>字典定义不等于情景含义（强调语境）</h4><h4 id="让人思维短路的感情色彩词"><a href="#让人思维短路的感情色彩词" class="headerlink" title="让人思维短路的感情色彩词"></a>让人思维短路的感情色彩词</h4><ul>
<li>培养批判性思维，要对能引发感情偏好的词语保持警惕</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="谁想说服你，谁就得负责解释清楚（想要说服我，你必须解释我的每一个疑问）"><a href="#谁想说服你，谁就得负责解释清楚（想要说服我，你必须解释我的每一个疑问）" class="headerlink" title="谁想说服你，谁就得负责解释清楚（想要说服我，你必须解释我的每一个疑问）"></a>谁想说服你，谁就得负责解释清楚（想要说服我，你必须解释我的每一个疑问）</h4>
      
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